... efficient than humans. This then made a new consequence; it led to more poverty and more people desperate for money. This shows that this may be one of the reasons why crimes increased. As unemployment was increasing, immigrants were coming ...

... serious incident to occur. On Sunday 13 November 1887 the Metropolitan Police Force charged a demonstration by the Metropolitan Radical Federation. This riot in Trafalgar Square on in 1887 caused many injuries and some alleged loss of life. The was ...

... law and order by the local citizens to keep order on the streets with their whistles and truncheons and prevent thefts and other street crimes. But the police also needed to deal with severe riots going on at that time. ...

... law'. He is responsible for interpreting the law in the case, enforcing the law, deciding the sentence and passing it, guiding the jury and avoiding bias at all costs. Whereas, the jury is 'master of fact' and is the sole ...

... can complain of unlawful discrimination. Advice can be obtained from, or complaints can be made to: a Police station, local police authority, a Citizen's Advice Bureau, local Race Equality Council, the Independent Police Complaints Commission, the Commission for Racial Equality, ...

... 'First Reading' where the name and main aims of the Bill are introduced and there is a vote on whether the Bill should continue. This is verbally done unless it becomes hard for the judge to distinguish the majority vote. ...

... the case is heard lies with the defendant. They are the middle range crimes and include theft, obtaining property by deception and assault causing actual bodily harm. If the defendant wants the case tried at the Magistrates Court, then it ...

... correctly and within the law. There are three Magistrates (also known as justices of peace) who make decisions in court. Only one magistrate has very limited powers e.g. warrants. Magistrates take part in summery trials, committal proceedings, and ancillary matters ...

... members of the public. They do, however, undergo a vast amount of training so that they can perform their judicial functions correctly and within the law. There are three Magistrates (also known as justices of peace) who make decisions in ...

... correctly and within the law. There are three Magistrates (also known as justices of peace) who make decisions in court. Only one magistrate has very limited powers e.g. warrants. Magistrates take part in summery trials, committal proceedings, and ancillary matters ...

... the sentence to the Crown Court at the end of the case having heard the defendants past record, they feel that their powers of punishment are insufficent. Lay magistrates have a fairly wide discretion as to the sentence they select in ...

... cases the court must make a judgment on the facts when no jury is present and it is beneficial that at this time they do not make any errors or over stretch their powers. A court decision is required in ...

... miles of the courts boundary and have common sense, integrity, good character and communication amongst other criteria which are stated in the Lord Chancellor's Directions on Appointments 1998 - The Personality Test. From 1998 the Lay Magistrates New Training Initiative is ...

... (magistrates must be between 21 and 65 on appointment). A balance of occupations is also aimed at; advisory committees are recommended they should not have more than 15% of the bench coming from one category. Finally the Advisory Committee will ...

... state of mind is different from an average person and would be judged as abnormal by a reasonable person. In R v Seers (1985) the defendant stabbed his estranged wife, and claimed diminished responsibility on the grounds of his chronic ...

... Magistrates play such a vital role in our system of justice, it is important that they are appointed and trained in a suitable manner. Especially important in the appointment process is for the appointment of Lay Magistrates to reflect the ...

... solicitor or barrister)) * In complex cases stipendiary magistrates are also present. They are district judges who have a lot more training than lay magistrates. Problems: * Inconsistent - punishments vary from one part of the country to another * Prosecution bias - ...

... from his lord. Kings justice was available to everyone regardless of where they lived and in the beginning the king's justice was administrated by the Curia Regis. They made up a set of rules which applied to the whole country ...

... it means that the general publics are getting a say. The advantages of jury trials are that it adds certainty to law as it gives a general verdict which cannot be misunderstood for example in a criminal case the jury states ...

... a mixture of magistrates and non-magistrates. Potential candidates can be recommended by anyone, one can also put ones own name forward to be considered, but names are usually put forward by groups such as political parties, trade unions and chambers ...

... CJ said in Dyson1: - "The proper question to have been submitted to the jury was whether the prisoner accelerated the child's death by the injuries which he inflicted in December, 1907. For if he did, the fact that the ...

... fact that he switched labels for a lower price one built up to appropriation because this was an assumption by the defendant of the owners right to chose what price the goods were to be sold at. Here we can ...

... which measure to follow. The current state of the law on intention was expressed by the House of Lords in the case of R v Woollin 1998. This case modified an earlier direction made by the Court of Appeal in ...

... 65. They must also live within 15 miles of the area for which they serve and must not have any previous criminal convictions. The advantages of lay magistrates are, that they are much more cost effective to administer justice than using ...

... aims however they differ quite substantially. Criminal law can be seen as a set of rules and regulations which, if broken, will result in a punishment of either loss or liberty or a fine. In a Criminal case an offender ...