... of the equation must be = to the other side Ionic equations 3 rules: - 1. Write the ions separately for solutions of ionic compounds 2. Write full 'molecular' formulae for solids and all covalent substances 3. Spectator ions must be cancelled and so do ...

... electron that belongs to the other atom. ***The overlap can be head on, which results in a sigma bond (?), or SIDE by SIDE, which results in a pi (?) bond.*** Bonding orbitals are molecular orbitals formed by the bonding of ...

... two curves are obtained due to the fact that 'even' carbon molecules pack tighter together, and therefore van der Waal's forces are greater than 'odd' carbon molecules. 5. The alkanes are non-polar and are therefore immiscible in water and other polar ...

... + 1e- In a redox reaction, both reduction and oxidation occur therefore we add both the oxidation and reduction together. The oxidation in this case is the permanganate and the reduction is the iron(II). Redox equation: 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ --> ...

... metals and have analogical chemical properties. +1 is the common oxidation state for group I, +2 is for the group II. Basically +1 and +2 are their most stable oxidation state for group I and group II respectively. The principal ...

... and carbon. Hydrocarbons such as oil as basically fuels. I think the bigger and longer the molecules, the less runny the oil is but also in the long chain molecules, as the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases it gets ...

... is because it enables us to draw a line of best fit enabling us to: * Interpret trends * Calculate gradients * Predict the absolute temperature Looking at the graph on the previous page we can see a linear relationship between the volume ...

... treatment of the relationship between mass exploitation and the decline of thought. Fire Captain Beatty, the novel's chief book-burner, explains that "technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure carried the trick" of supplanting independent thought with conformity and leading to censorship ...

... of this investigation is to determine which equation metal carbonate form when it is heated. We will achieve this by heating the metal carbonate then look at the colour of the product formed, working out the mass of the two ...

... - to pick up the raisins. I need to take the following safety precautions: - Don't use fingers to pick up raisins. - Keep an eye on the beakers. - Don't run with experiments. I will make it a fair test by putting the ...

... first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does ...

... An obvious requirement for any high performance-racing vehicle is that it should be strong and lightweight. For these reasons carbon fibre has been acknowledged as the best material for the job. The modern F1 car is based around the central ...

... I should have collected more data, this would have meant the average result could have been more accurate. Things I could have done to improve the experiment are: I could have stopped used more accurate thermometors, put a lid over the ...

... of the two equations written below. From the experiment we will be able to tell which equation is correct. Equation 1: 2CuCo3(s) ? Cu2O(s) + 2Co2 (g) + 1/2O2(g) Equation 2:CuCo3(s) ? CuO(s) + Co2(g) Variables There are several variables, which could affect ...

... this is when heat is taken in as the reactants change to products. The activation energy applied to the reactants is greater than the energy released during the change from reactants to products, thus the enthalpy change is positive. Fig 1 ...

... Some of its physical and chemical properties are given below: Symbol Cu Atomic Number 29 Relative Atomic Mass 63.54 Melting Point 1083°C Boiling Point 2567°C Density 8.96 g cm3 Colour Reddish brown Group In Periodic Table Ib Isotopes Cu - 63 and Cu - 65 It is extracted by reduction on heating with carbon from its oxide ...

... etc etc. You also find elements composed of molecules. In the case of Oxygen gas, the formula would be O2 because 2 atoms of Oxygen bond together and go around in pairs - this results in full outer shells of ...

... will repeat the experiment for each temperature another 4 times to gain an average. I will have to be careful with the Bunsen burner, so I will wear goggles. To keep the experiment fair the only thing, which we changed ...

... makes it unfair. * The thickness of elastic bands was a bad variable to use because I didn't have a wide range of thickness and also there was not a steady increase, there was a wide variety of sizes. * Mass was ...

... the collision, a dense cloud of dust blocked the sun's rays, the earth became darker and chillier to the deadliest levels for most plants and in turn, many animals have choked themselves to deaf. Then, when the dust finally settled, ...

... discharge. The conclusions that Roentgen came to were that a new type of radiation had passed through the air and lit up the screen (X-rays). Due to this discovery in 1895, scientists were able to probe crystalline structures at an atomic ...