... it is absolutely essential that you continue ' or ' you have no other choice, you must go on '. Milgram found that all participants gave shocks up to the 300 volt level and 65% of participants continued to the highest level, 450 volts. This contradicted the predicted results that 3% or less would reach 450 volts. There were marked effects on the naïve participants' behaviour, with most showing signs of extreme tension. For example, they trembled, sweated, stuttered, groaned and dug their fingernails into their flesh. There were many ethical issues raised in this study, for example the lack of informed consent, deception and debriefing. The participants were deceived about the nature of the study. Milgram told his participants that they were involved in a study of the effects of punishment on learning. This therefore denied them the right to provide informed consent. At the end of ...

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