... Darley, 1970, cited in Hogg and Vaughan, 2002) suggests a person makes a series of judgements ultimately leading to the refusal or implementation of help. If help is to be given, the situation needs to demonstrate something is wrong and be defined as an emergency. After this has been established, personal responsibility needs to be assigned. Finally the decision of what help is appropriate needs to be made. This decision is then put into action. Mr. Buckley noticed a minibus passing by him and "suddenly there was a massive smash". This may be considered an infrequent event. Upon hearing the sound of a smash, signalling the minibus had possibly crashed; Mr. Buckley may have noticed something was wrong. However, the model suggests recognising something is wrong is not sufficient enough for help to be given. The situation needs to be defined as an emergency. Defining the situation as an ...

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