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... of children in non-industrailized cultures; in many economically advanced societies childcare arrangements may be less dependent on the mother staying at home with the children. (Mercer & Swann, p 36) There are more polyadic patterns of childcare seen in rural, economically traditional societies. The children in Schieffelin's (1985) study of Kaluli of Papua New Guinea spend their time with their mothers and siblings, while Ochs (1985) reports that, among the Samoans, elder children are set to look after the young child but usually in sight of the mother. Nwokah(1987), in her study of a rural Nigerian village, reports that young children are looked after during the day by male or female 'maids'(8-12 year old children) while the mothers go to market or work in the house, and that these maids usually take the children to a communal space in the village, largely frequented by children. Bavin (1992) also says that the ...