... conduct- for example in R v Miller 1983 Miller accidentally started a fire in a squat but did nothing to stop the fire from spreading. * A duty arising form an official position- for example Police officers and some other are under a duty to protect the public. For example in Dytham 1979 a police officer witnessed an attack on a victim but did not intervene to help the victim or call for help. The officer was guilt of wilfully neglecting to perform his duty. * Where the defendant has assumed responsibility for a person - if the defendant has taken on the task of looking after someone vulnerable e.g. a teacher Causation is where harm may have been caused by a number of different things, one of which was the act or omission of the defendant. Often these cases do throw up questions as to whether or not the ...

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