... feeling was often directed against the diametrically opposed ideology of communism, preaching the universal, international revolution of the proletariat. State nationalism was widely practised. In defence of the nation, peoples were indoctrinated with their own national identity. Nationalism became less legalistic and more emotional. This was all done to achieve loyalty and unity among the population. The ideal was a sort of religious fervour directed towards the nation and all that it stood for as well as a pride in the same. These sorts of tactics were seen in the newly united Germany under Bismarck, in Italy and this was also attempted in Tsarist Russia with little success for different reasons. The growth of national feeling spread to the diverse empires of Austria-Hungary and Russia. The would-be nation states began to gain national consciousness and the different nationalities began to push for independence from their respective rulers. Although national consciousness was ...

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