... in informal conversations. In contrast writing is usually planned and therefore more fluent. It tends to be more tightly structured and grammatically complete. Because the reader is often unknown, the writer has to be more explicit - they cannot assume the reader will have shared knowledge of either the subject or the context of the situation. Writing usually has an overall theme, developed to form a coherent whole, whereas speech is often thematically disparate, with no clear end point. An exception to this is a planned speech. Speech is phonemic and made up of sounds, whereas writing is graphemic and appears to be just marks on a surface. Take the words FLOOD, BOOK and SOON for instance. In each word the "oo" has different sounds, but when looked at upon a piece of paper they appear to look the same. Also, with some words, the sound may actually be ...

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