... on a computer keyboard. She was able to invent new words, such as 'finger bracelet' for a ring and 'green banana' for a cucumber. She was also capable of understanding word order difference, and could self-correct herself if she made an error. Using operant conditioning and modeling, Patterson (1978) taught the gorilla Koko American Sign Language. Koko was able to show productivity, create self-description 'red, mad gorilla' and insult 'dirty toilet'; reflexiveness, for instance 'good sign Micheal'; displacement, when apologizing for a biting incidence 3 days before; as well as prevarication, when lying and joking. Herman et al (1984) taught dolphins Akeakamai and Phoenix a symbolic language. By using positive reinforcement, dolphins showed semanticity, understanding of commands; productivity, understanding of word order; as well as displacement. Pepperberg (1983) taught the African Grey Parrot Alex spoken English, and it proved to show semanticity. b.) Language is more than a system of ...

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