... "Biology A Functional Approach" by M.B.V. Roberts.] I intend to investigate the effects on the reaction rate upon altering the concentration of the enzyme. In order to do this while also ensuring a fair test, I shall aim to maintain ...

... "Biology A Functional Approach" by M.B.V. Roberts.] I intend to investigate the effects on the reaction rate upon altering the concentration of the enzyme. In order to do this while also ensuring a fair test, I shall aim to maintain all ...

... from "Biology A Functional Approach" by M.B.V. Roberts.] I intend to investigate the effects on the reaction rate upon altering the concentration of the enzyme. In order to do this while also ensuring a fair test, I shall aim to maintain ...

... concentration of the liver catalase increases, the rate of reaction (gas produced) will increase too. Method: 1. Take the fresh piece of liver and with a knife cut 3 as far as possible similar rectangles of liver. Use a scalp ...

... width and 2.5 cm thick. On the side of the kidney with the smaller curve is an opening called the hilum, where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter the kidney. On one end of the ureters is a funnel-shaped ...

... million kinds of protein molecules that can be produced by a healthy population of B-cells. They are soluble and are always present in a fraction of blood plasma called gamma globulin. They are very specific due to their protein tertiary ...

... so on. Collagen is probably the most important building block of the animal world as more than a third of the body's protein is collagen; it makes up 75% of our skin. Collagen acts as a sort of scaffolding for our ...

... efficient metabolic reactions. The buffering effect may take place, for example, in the stomach. So when the conditions are too acidic then the amino group can take in the excess hydrogen ions or if the pH is too high then ...

... tertiary structure of an enzyme gives it its active site. The active site is where the substrate binds to in a reaction. If the active site were a different shape, the substrate would not fit in it so the enzyme ...

... weak spots; hence its strength. The Achilles tendon, which is almost all collagen fibres, can withstand a pulling force of300 N per mm2 of a cross-sectional area, around one-quarter the tensile strength of mild steel. Collagen in our cartilage and ...

... in the body. In their undifferentiated state in the laboratory, stem cells show an ability to divide indefinitely. The five cell lines established here in 1998 continue to divide, and show no evidence of a diminished ability to make more ...

... cells. Prokaryotic cells have no nuclear membrane; the nuclear membrane is a very porous membrane that allows molecules to easily pass freely from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell are in direct contact with the cytoplasm. In comparison ...

... and processes are triggered to destroy the foreign substances. Regulation of Body Temperature The skin acts somewhat like a thermostat, aiming to keep the body at a constant body temperature of 37° C. When the skin is exposed to high ...

... was overcome in 1954 when silicon was used for the semiconductor and the efficiency was increased to 6 percent. Then by 1989 the use of a device which concentrated light onto the cell surface using a lens, increased the efficiency ...

... When lymphocytes encounter an antigen for the second time, they mount a quick, vigorous, specific response to that antigen. This specific immune response is why people do not contract chickenpox or measles more than once and what makes vaccination successful ...

... elongated cells having heavy lignified cell walls. When plants reach maturity the fibre cells are dead, only supporting the plant stems and roots. Fibres are one of the main components of sclerenchyma tissue, along with other cells, which produce the ...

... are hydrophobic ("water hating") and non-polar. The hydrophilic head bears electrical charges contributed by the phosphate and some bases. These charges are responsible for the hydrophilicity. No lipid bears a positive charge they are all negative or neutral. Therefore all ...

... of the benefits of "aerobic exercise" is that it improves your body's ability to make ATP rapidly using the respiration process. All living cells have mitochondria. Hair cells and outer skin cells are dead cells and no longer actively producing ATP, ...

... acid, the zwitterion form of the amino acid acts as a buffer by taking up H+ ions to keep the concentration oh hydrogen constant, and hence to raise the pH. However, when in an alkaline solution, the amino acid acts as ...

... complexed with some other lipids do so by the information of covalent chemical bonds. Properties such as solubility or viscosity, helps it to orient correctly in a membrane, or make it recognizable to another biochemical or cell. The term primary structure ...

... in the nucleus is the nucleolus. Ribosomes Ribosomes are protein builders. They connect amino acids together and build long chains. Ribosomes are found in many places around the cell. Ribosomes which are found floating around the cytoplasm are making protein which ...

... the concentration gradient. * The villi possess smooth muscle fibres that contract and relax and mix the food up and bring it into contact with the epithelial cells of the absorptive surface. * Each villus has a lacteal for the ...

... a phosphate group joined to glycerol. The molecules are polar and have polar heads and form bilayers in aqueous systems. Lipids have many functions including insulation as they have subcutaneous fat, which is a good insulator, this is used by ...

... are extremely small and thin, so to examine them you need to use an electron microscope. Under the electron microscope they look like solid structures, but they actually move constantly, joining with other membranes. By using the electron microscope we ...

... in which anhydroglucose units are linked by a-D-1,4 glucosidic bonds to form linear chains. The level of amylose and its molecular weight vary between different starch types. Amylose molecules are typically made from 200-2000 anhydroglucose units. Aqueous solutions of amylose ...