... sugars which are sweet and soluble in water. They form when two monosaccharides join together after the removal of a water molecule. They are: * maltose (malt sugar) * sucrose (cane sugar) * lactose (milk sugar) * * Polysaccharides are made ...

... heart disease. Adult stem cells are already being used to treat diseases such as leukaemia. However, picture being able to grow replacement brain, muscle, and bone and organ tissue in the laboratory, which could be implanted into a patient without ...

... It only requires small quantities of the compound and is much faster. Thin-layer chromatography consists of a stationary phase that is powerless on a glass or plastic plate, and an organic solvent. When the solvent front reaches the other edge ...

... or rod-shapes. These can be something from highly stiff and little, to lengthy and very flexible. The genetic material is bound into the protein helix by communications among the positive charges on the protein and negatively charged nucleic acid. The ...

... article thinks that stem cells that are cloned have a bigger advantage than other stem cells because they could be younger and much better at replacing damaged tissue. People who get "younger" cells created by therapeutic cloning might end up ...

... example, eliminate the demand for illegally obtained transplants such as in those cases when they are taken forcibly from abducted individuals. Therefore, I believe that therapeutic cloning can be justified due to its potential benefits for humanity in the means ...

... it would be possible to create large amounts of the gene that produces insulin or growth hormones. This is a very economical and practical method that is under extensive research. Cloning can also take place in plants. In the 1950's ...

... done in a laboratory and the embryos are separated manually in a petri dish after the embryo first splits. The two separate embryos are then placed into a surrogate mother where they develop naturally. Somatic cell nuclear transfer produces the same ...

... and plant it in the ground, a new plant would grow as it takes root. The new plant can be considered a clone in the sense that it is identical to its parent. Similar cloning takes place in grass, potatoes ...

... The first one is by cell mass division or "embryo splitting", and the other one is by nuclear substitution, the technique used to create "Dolly". I will start with the first technique, which is the mass division because it is ...

... in different ways depending on the technique. This dormant phase causes the cell to shut down but not die. In this state, the nucleus is ready to be accepted by the egg cell. The donor cell's nucleus is then placed ...

... long. The other prominent amino acid in collagen is proline, like glycine it occurs virtually every third time. As you can see in the picture on the right proline and glycine are both present. This is only a small section ...

... the substrate. This is to make sure that the enzyme does not complete the wrong reaction. If the substrate cannot fit into the enzyme, it will rebound until it hits the correct enzyme. Carbohydrase enzymes will only break down carbohydrates. ...

... into. They have between 3 - 12 amino acid residues and side chains protruding from them. These residues bind to the substrate molecule or molecules mainly with hydrogen bonds or to the rest of the active site with van der Waal's ...

... in enzymes being specific in what they break down. The following equation represents the reaction occurring between an enzyme and a substrate: ENZYME + SUBSTRATE --> ENZYME - SUBSTRATE complex --> ENZYME + PRODUCTS Proteases Proteases hydrolyse peptide bonds in peptides and proteins. ...

... galactose and glucose. Commercially produced microbial lactases are obtained from Aspergillus and the yeast Kluyveromyces. An important application of lactase is to hydrolyse lactose in milk to make it suitable for people who are intolerant of lactose. Such people are ...

... mostly disk-shaped organelles. They occur mostly together in leaf cells, where they can apparently adjust themselves to light. Each chloroplast is enclosed in a double membrane. Internally, it consists of a substance called the stroma, which is crossed by a ...

... membrane, and cytoplasm with various membrane bound organelles (see appendix 1). The prokaryotic (bacteria) cell has a more basic structure (see appendix 1) and is much smaller in size, to give an idea of size in microscopic distance, the eukaryote measures ...

... forms of alpha and beta. Fructose and Galactose are also examples of Monosaccharides. Examples of Disaccharides are Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose. The three main types of polysaccharides are cellulose, glycogen and starch. In Carbohydrates the different forms affect the properties ...

... the blood. Where as in the endocrine system, a chemical messenger is emitted, in the nervous system an electrical messenger is emitted. The electrical messenger is transmitted through the nerve cells; this process is a lot faster than the endocrine ...

... stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis allows cell variation and genetic differences between each cell whereas mitosis is an exact replication of each cell. There are three main ways meiosis produces genetic variation, this through independent assortment, ...

... Golgi complex, nucleus, peroxisomes, vacuoles and mitochondria. Centrioles are only located in human and animal cells and chloroplasts can only be found inside plant cells. The aim of this essay is to investigate the similarities and differences between the structure ...

... other membrane-bound organelles, is called a eukaryotic cell.1There are new differences that can be discovered from using a more powerful microscope. Although both animal and plant cells have cytoskeletons, centrioles are only found in the cytoskeletons of animal cells, and ...

... by magnetic fields * Affected by magnetic fields * Preparation of materials quick + simple * Preparation lengthy requires expertise + complex equipment Disadvantages: Advantages: * Magnifies 2000x * Magnifies 500000x * Limited depth of view * Possible to examine to greater depth of view There are many differences ...

... and has no need to pass matter from one cell to another. The cell also contains cytoplasm. This is a material found between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. Fibrous proteins that occur in the cytoplasm, maintain the ...