... Dissecting board * String * Forceps * Dissecting Scissors * Scalpel * Pins * Newspaper * Disposable Gloves * Disposable plastic bag * Disinfectant Procedure 1. The dissecting board was covered with newspaper. 2. The rat was placed on the dissecting board facing upwards. 3. String was attached to the limbs of the ...

... Fleming was the founder of modern day antibiotics in 1928. "he noticed that a mould had contaminated one of his culture plates of Staphylococcus bacteria. Around the mould was a clear area where no bacteria grew. The mould was Penicillium ...

... of production of a secondary metabolite is fastest during stationary phase when nutrients are beginning to run out. The concentration of a secondary metabolite rises throughout the stationary phase of production. Penicillin works by preventing the cell wall of a ...

... MHC2. The dendritic cells firstly initialise immune response; these cells are stimulated upon recognition of the pathogen that has entered a person's body. The dendritic cells are located in the 'peripheral lymphoid tissues' the pathogens can travel to this region ...

... gibberellins. During this time the alpha-amylase levels rise significantly, although beta-amylase levels remain low. The combined action of these two amylases results in an increase in fermentable reducing sugars. This is traditionally expressed as the diastatic power, DP, which rises ...

... beta-amylase isoenzymes, pullulanse, proteases, lipases, lipoxygenases and many more.. The action of the alpha and beta amylases is so covert the starch in the flour into maltose. alpha amylase is added to the flour because it effects the dough and ...

... of solution Original weight Weight after 24 hours water 11g 12.62g 0.003m 11g 12.21g 0.006m 11g 12.35g 0.125m 11g 11.91g 0.25m 11g 11.64g 0.5m 11g 10.36g 1.0m 11g 8.49g The result shows that osmosis actually took place in the experiment. As the concentration increased, the percentage of the weight difference decreased Conclusion: The experiment shows that the potato cells increase in mass in solutions ...

... thousands of our favorite musical tracks, many videos and listen and watch them whenever we like. So, recent cell phones are computer, walkman, TV, MP3 player and camera, all in one in a tiny device, bringing joy and effectiveness in ...

... used is glucose, because it is a mono saccharine, easy to decompose; * Temperature of the environment is 30??C, so that there is enough energy and the enzymes do not denature; * The yeast is to come from the same ...

... most stable between pH 5.5 and 6.0 hence it is stable in milk, which is at pH 5.56 Hypothesis My hypothesis is that the chymosin enzyme in calf rennet will be most efficient at clotting milk at temperatures between 39C to 41C, ...

... down starch. The pilot experiment was: * Pour amylase solution into a test tube to a depth of 2cm. * Half fill another test tube with a 4% starch solution. * With a pipette place a drop of iodine into each ...

... the same genes. Asexual reproduction produces new organisms with the same genes as the parent. When the cell divides into two, the chromosomes in the nucleus must be shared out between the two new cells. The chromosomes carry the genes, ...

... for the stomach and worked even better than salicylic acid. This is the basis of present-day aspirin. Salbutamol however, was discovered using the combined efforts of chemists, biochemists and biologists. These scientists identified the natural compound that keeps the airways open ...

... ...

... in the late 1860's. At the time this invention was very important and helped the start of the industrial revolution. It allowed people with portable electricity. This popular invention was called the dry cell or flashlight battery. The Lechlanche cell ...

... the cell. Therefore the beetroot used should be freshly cut. pH The pH is also an important factor, as pH can have an effect on the weak interactions and bonds that bound the membrane together. To keep the pH constant it is ...

... be extremely dangerous and cause serious damage to skin especially as we will be working with temperatures around 85oC. * Safety goggles should be used to protect eyes when heating water as near boiling water could scold and blind. * Hair should ...

... 'head' that will mix with water but not with fat (i.e. it is hydrophilic) • Two 'tails' that will mix with fat but not with water (i.e. they are hydrophobic). In the phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophilic heads are always on the outside of ...

... between these regions weaken therefore the gaps or permeability increases. As the concentration gradient is in favour of the test tube filled with distilled water the dye leaks out. Hypothesis: - As you increase the temperature the more dye will ...

... pigments, which replace anthocyanins in plants within its plasma membrane. Betalain is found in the vacuole of beetroot cells and it gives the beetroot its characteristic dark purple colour. If a cell is damaged in a beetroot plant and the ...

... wall made up of cellulose and protein deposited by protoplast on the outside of cell membrane. The plasma membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by rigid cell wall. The purpose of a cell membrane is to control the transport ...

... microscopic examinations of cell membranes have led to the development of the lipid bilayer model (also referred to as the fluid-mosaic model). The most common molecule in the model is the phospholipids, which has a polar (hydrophilic) head and two ...

... were not allowed to work to their optimum, and as the temperature is so cold compared to the other samples, the permeability of the cell membrane was quite high. It is clear to see that there is the general pattern ...

... the beetroot its characteristic colour. If a cell is damaged in a beetroot plant and the membrane is broken, the anthocyanin 'bleeds' from the cells. It is this characteristic that can be subjected to test which conditions influence the cell ...

... an effect on colour change in the water. Variables which were kept constant were the diameter of the beetroot piece. Risk assessment: * Taking care when using the cork borer and knife when dividing the beetroot sections. * Boiling tubes should be handled with ...